|
The Sangam period (Tamil: சங்ககால பருவம், Cankakāla paruvam ?) is the period in the history of ancient southern India (known as the Tamilakam) spanning from c. 300 BCE to 300 CE.〔There are some who claim earlier dates (up to 600 BCE). Others cite as late as 200 BCE. The date of 300 BCE may represent a middle-of-the road consensus view; e.g. see the well-received textbook ''Ancient India'', Upinder Singh, 2009, p. 15. However, it is quite likely that the songs existed in oral tradition well before this date.〕〔Kamil Veith Zvelebil, ''Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature'', p. 12〕〔K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, ''A History of South India,'' OUP (1955) p. 105〕〔(Classical Tamil )〕 This collection contains 2381 poems composed by 473 poets, some 102 of whom remain anonymous.〔George L. Hart III, ''The Poems of Ancient Tamil,'' U of California P, 1975.〕 The period during which these poems were composed is called the Sangam period, referring to the prevalent Sangam legends claiming literary academies lasting thousands of years, giving the name to the corpus of literature.〔''Irayanaar Agapporul'' dated to c 750 AD first mentioned the Sangam legends. An inscription of the early tenth century AD mentions the achievements of the early Pandya kings of establishing a ''Sangam'' in Madurai. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastry, ''A History of South India'', OUP (1955) p. 105〕〔"The latest limit of ''Ettutokai'' and ''Pattupattu'' may be placed around 700 AD...." – Vaiyapuri Pillai, ''History of Tamil language and literature'' p. 38.〕〔"...the Tamil language of these brief records achieved a flowering during the first centuries of the Common Era, culminating in the emergence of a poetic corpus of very high quality () To this corpus the name ''sangam poetry'' was added soon afterwards...." Burton Stein, ''A History of India'' (1998), Blackwell p. 90.〕 Sangam literature is primarily secular, dealing with everyday themes in a Tamilakam context.〔The only religious poems among the shorter poems occur in ''paripaatal''. The rest of the corpus of Sangam literature deals with human relationship and emotions. See K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India, OUP (1955) pp. 330–335〕 The poems belonging to Sangam literature were composed by Tamil poets, both men and women, from various professions and classes of society. These poems were later collected into various anthologies, edited, and with colophons added by anthologists and annotators around 1000 AD. Sangam literature fell out of popular memory soon thereafter, until they were rediscovered in the 19th century by scholars such as Arumuga Navalar, C. W. Thamotharampillai and U. V. Swaminatha Iyer. Sangam literature deals with emotional and material topics such as love, war, governance, trade and bereavement.〔Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India – Abraham, Shinu Anna, Asian Perspectives – Volume 42, Number 2, Fall 2003, pp. 207–223 University of Hawaii Press〕 Some of the greatest Tamil scholars, like Thiruvalluvar, who wrote on ethics, and on the various issues of life like wealth, virtue and love, or the Tamil poet Mamulanar, who explored historical incidents that happened in India, lived during the Sangam period.〔Morality and Ethics in Public Life by Ravindra Kumar p.92〕〔Essays on Indian Society by Raj Kumar p.71〕 The Indologist Kamil Zvelebil quotes A.K.Ramanujan: "In their antiquity and in their contemporaneity, there is not much else in any Indian literature equal to these quiet and dramatic Tamil poems. In their values and stances, they represent a mature classical poetry: passion is balanced by courtesy, transparency by ironies and nuances of design, impersonality by vivid detail, austerity of line by richness of implication. These poems are not just the earliest evidence of the Tamil genius. The Tamils, in all their 2000 years of literary effort, wrote nothing better."〔Zvelebil, Kamil V., Tamil Literature, 1975, E J Brill, Leiden, p 108〕〔Ramanujan, A.K., Interior Landscape, 1967, Afterword, p115.〕 == Compilation of literature == The available literature from this period was categorized and compiled in the 10th century into two categories based roughly on chronology. The categories are: Pathinenmaelkanakku (''The Major Eighteen Anthology Series''; பதினெண்மேல்கணக்கு) comprising Eṭṭuttokai (''The Eight Anthologies'' ;எட்டுத்தொகை) and the Pattupattu (''Ten Idylls''; பத்துப்பாட்டு) and Pathinenkilkanakku (''The Minor Eighteen Anthology Series'';பதினெண்கீழ்கணக்கு). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sangam literature」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|